Pittsburgh has created 50 “mobility hubs,” in-person areas the place all of the modes could be discovered; residents can jet off on a Spin or Scoobi from there. The metropolis can be piloting “universal basic mobility,” the place 50 low-income residents are being given “all you can eat” entry, as Ms. Ricks described it, to public transit, bike-sharing and e-scooters. Discounts for e-mopeds, automobile shares and car-pooling are additionally included.

“If people don’t need to worry about the cost of those individual services, or frankly of transportation itself — if they can remain focused on trying to reliably get to work, doctor appointments or get their kids to school on time, and they don’t have to be price sensitive — do we get better social outcomes from that?” requested Ms. Ricks.

The query additionally harkens again to the unique dilemma: Can MaaS lure folks out of their automobiles?

So far, the proof of a modal shift seems shaky. In Finland, Whim and different operators by no means amassed a big following, and the pandemic reportedly battered funds. The final 12 months and a half has not been a banner time for journey routines. And 2022 will not be both.

But in comparison with the automobile, a century-old invention, the idea of one-stop-shop transit is brand-new, Mr. Hietanen mentioned; rising pains are solely pure. “The one that creates dreams is going to win this,” he added. “And we can create dreams. We’ll just do it in a bit of different format.”

Time, then, to get artistic. Can car-free transportation be bundled in different methods? There is at the very least one place within the United States that’s making a sturdy try.

In September, Culdesac Tempe, a 17-acre improvement exterior Phoenix that calls itself “the first car-free neighborhood built from scratch in the U.S.,” introduced that residents transferring in subsequent 12 months would have entry to a mobility package deal that features a Platinum Pass with Valley Metro, the native transit company, with limitless free rides on streetcars, buses and the sunshine rail; free use of over 100 Bird e-scooters; and reductions on Lyft rides and Envoy electrical automobile leases. (There are additionally over 1,000 bike parking spots.) It is all included within the lease.

Developers, mentioned Lava Sunder, Culdesac Tempe’s normal supervisor, have a lengthy historical past of intermingling with transit, from constructing out streetcar strains to providing free parking. Theirs is simply a new tackle custom.

“We’ve been hearing from residents that they have different mobility preferences,” Ms. Sunder mentioned. “There isn’t a one-size-fits-all for mobility.”